Berwick occurs as market town &, whenever these are taken to include a village of Tweedmouth on the southern bank of the Tweed, a super mild international seaport. For a period of 300 & sir thomas more years from either a mid 11th century the town was an extremely significant strategical plus in the wars between Engl& and Scotland. A architecture of a town reflects its retiring, particularly around getting one of a finest odd defensive wall (of 1555, though very much repaired around the late 18th century), & within the Barracks buildings, begun in 1717 & the 1st such buildings in Britain. Nikolaus Pevsner writes that Berwick is one of a virtually all exciting towns in the united states, sustaining scarcely an irritating building anywhere, & the virtually all intricate changes of level.

Including Spittal, Tweedmouth, & Ord, a town's people in the 2001 Census was 11,665; this within the borough people of 25,949. 59.5% of the people come listed, & Iii.6% unemployed. 19% come retired. [http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/AreaProfileFrames.asp?aid=175720&hid=14&tid=13]. Slightly to a higher degree 60% of the people is listed in the service sector, including shops, hotels & catering, fiscal services & virtually all governance, including health care. All about 13% is withwithinside manufacturing; 10% in agriculture, & 8% in construction [http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/themesub.jsp?u_id=10211992&data_theme=T_IND&id=4]. A few todays & recent Berwick economic activities include salmon fishing, shipbuilding, engineering, sawmilling, fertilizer production, & a manufacture of tweed and hose.

These are unique for an English town therein its football team, Berwick Rangers F.C., plays its matches in the Scottish Football League.

A local dialect, known as 'Tweedside', occurs as combination of Lowland Scots and the Northumbrian accent, although it is recognisably other Scottish. This will reflect a fact that Berwick is slightly nigher to the Scottish capital Edinburgh than to Newcastle, which is the main centre of North East England.

History

Berwick's strategical position on the English-Scottish border when you took centuries of war between them nations & its comparatively peachy wealth led to the succession of raids, military blockade & choose-overs. Between 1147 and 1482 the town changed hands between Engl& and Scotland more than 13 days, & was the location of a total of momentous cases in the English-Scottish border wars. In the 13th century Berwick was one of the virtually completely moneyed swing trading ports within Scotland, providing an annual customs value of £2,190, tantamount to the quarter of all customs revenues standard northerly of the border. The contemporary description of the town asserted that '& so thickly settled & of such commercial importance that it may justly become known as a second Alexandria, whose wealth were a sea and a a water supply its bulwarks'' [http://www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/BerwickuponTweed.htm].

Within 1174, Berwick wwhen paid as a share of the ransom of William I of Scotland to Henry II of England. It was sold to Scotland by Richard I of England, to raise money to pay for Crusades It was destroyed around 1216 by King John of England, who attended personally a razing of the town. In 30 March 1296, Edward I stormed Berwick, sacking it with good deal bloodshed. He slaughtered just about everyone world health organization resided in the town, potentially whenever it fled to the churches. Edward We attend Berwick inside August 1296 to receive formal court from either a few 2,000 Scottish nobleman, fallowing defeating a Scots at a Battle of Dunbar in April and forcing John I of Scotland (John Balliol) to abdicate at Kincardine Castle in July. (A foremost town bulwarks were built in a period of the reign of Edward We.) One of a arms of William Wallace was displayed at Berwick after his executiin & quartering on 5 August 1305. Inside 1314 Edward II of England mustered 25,000 men at Berwick, who late fought inside (& wasted) a Battle of Bannockburn. In 1 April 1318, it was captured by the Scottish; Berwick Castle was as well taken fallowing the deuce-ace-year military blockade. A English retook Berwick a select few instance shortly when a Battle of Halidon Hill in 1333 Within October 1357, a pact was signed at Berwick by which a Scottish estates undertook to pay 100,000 marks as a ransom for David II of Scotland, who got been taken captive at a Battle of Neville's Cross on 17 October 1346. Within 1482 the town was claimed for England by Richard III, although not officially unified into England. It has been administered by England since this date. During a reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England, vast sums - 1 source reports "£128,648, the most expensive undertaking of the Elizabethan period" [http://www.berwick.org.uk/berwick/berwick.htm] - were spent around its fortifications, in a recently Italian style, designed each to withst& artillery and to help its utilize from either inside the fortifications. Although virtually all of Berwick Castle was demolished in the 19th century to make way for the railway, a military barracks remain, when clean the town's wall bulwarks - one of a finest leftover examples of its nature and severity in the united states. In 1551, the town was mass produced the county corporate. In 1603, Berwick was the number 1 English town to greet James VI of Scotland on his way to being crowned James I personally of England. In 1639 the army of Charles I of England faced that of General Alexander Leslie at Berwick in the Bishops' Wars, which were concerned by owning bringing a Presbyterian Church of Scotland under Charles' control. Them sides did does'nt fight, however negotiated a cash settlement, "the Pacification of Berwick", within June, under which a King agreed that completely disputed questions should become referred to an additional General Assembly or even to the Scottish Parliament.

Holy Trinity Church was built around 1650-52, on the initiative of the governor, Colonel George Fenwicke. Churches of the Commonwealth cycle may be uncommon. A church has there is no spire, purportedly at a behest of Oliver Cromwell, who passed through the town within 1650 in his way to the Battle of Dunbar.

In 1746 the Wales and Berwick Act was passed, which deemed that whenever legislation referred to England, this encompassed Berwick. Berwick remained the county withwithin its have best nevertheless, & was non involved in Northumberland for Parliamentary purposes until 1885. The Reform Act 1832, which dealt in heavy spare a condition of rotten boroughs, reduced a total of MPs returned by the town from either two to 1.

Inside contemporary days, there continues to become require for Berwick's link to to Scotland. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/3725958.stm]

At war with Russia?
Since Berwick has experienced a distinction of getting changed paws between a English & a Scots therefore numerous days inside its history, it was traditionally esteem a favorite, separate able, & various proclamations promulgated prior to 1885 referred to "England, Scotland and the town of Berwick-upon-Tweed". 1 such was a declaration of war against Russia in 1853, which Queen Victoria signed as "Victoria, Queen of Great Britain, Ireland, Berwick-upon-Tweed and all British Dominions".

But, while a Treaty of Paris (1856) was signed to conclude the war, "Berwick-upon-Tweed" was left retired. This intended that, technically speaking, one of Britain's settlement was officially at war by having one of the world's right powers for above the century. Inside 1966 a Soviet official waited upon the City manager of Berwick, Council member Robert Knox, & the peace was formally signed. Mr Knox is reputed to keep around said, "Please tell the Russian people that they can sleep peacefully in their beds." To complicate a issue, a bit of stand noted that Knox did non part a authority of Queen Victoria in the arena of foreign relations, and so could stand exceeded his powers when city manager inside concluding the peace.

Places of interest

Berwick Barracks, now maintained by English Heritage, and built between 1717 and 1721, the project attributed to Vanbrugh. The wall or even defensive wall around the town centre The Old Bridge, 15-span sandstone arch bridge measuring 1,164 feet around length, built between 1610 and 1624, at a dollars and cents of £15,000. A bridge continues to serve road traffic, around a single counsel just. A bridge was on the independent route from either London to Edinburgh and was ordered by James I of England. The Royal Border Bridge, designed and built under a oversight of Robert Stephenson between 1847 and its opening by Queen Victoria in 1850, at a prices of prices £253,000, occurs as 720-front yard-long railway viaduct with 28 arches, carrying a East Coast Main Line 126 feet above the Flow of any stream Tweed. The recently refurbished Royal Tweed Bridge, built in 1925 and in its period with a hanker concrete span in a united states at 361 feet, originally designed to carry the A1 road across the Tweed; the town nowadays has a touring bypass to the west. In the early 2000s, its fabric was renovated, the road & pavement layout amended, & recently street lighting was added. The Union Bridge (five miles upstream), the world's oldest suspension bridge. The Guildhall, built in the 1750 in a Definitive style, & erst housing a town's prisin on its top floor.

People

Berwick was a number 1 parish where John Knox, the 16th-century Scottish religious reformer, who founded a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, was appointed a sermoniser in the Church of England. Mason Jackson, engraver, was born witharound Berwick in astir 1820 Alexander Knox, Canadian actor, died at Berwick in 1995 L. S. Lowry holidayed in Berwick regularly, and painted a number of pictures of the town and beaches. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/tyne/3128799.stm] Wendy Wood, controversial founder of the Scottish Patriots was arrested in additional than of these occasion for moving a border signs to a old bridge across the Tweed. The classic sitcom Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? also featured an episode where a 'lads' visited Berwick. Significantly, within it them Northern Englishmen refer to Berwick when "Scottish".